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Mexico Geography

When asked by King Carlos V to describe the topography of Mexico, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés wadded up a piece of paper, and handed it to the King. Indeed, Mexico has an extremely diverse and jumbled geography, encompassing nearly every geological formation found in the Western Hemisphere.

The country covers 761,603 square miles (1,972,552 sq.km.) - one quarter the size of the continental U.S. Much of it is rugged and mountainous. Sixty percent of the country's landmass is the "mesa central" or central plateau. This highland area is bordered to the east and west by mountain ranges (Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre Occidental, respectively), and to the south by a row of towering, widely spaced volcanoes. The country stretches across 17 degrees of latitude and 30 degrees of longitude.

Mexico has 8,300 miles of border, over 6,000 miles of coastline, and is touched by four major bodies of water:

The Pacific Ocean
The Gulf of Mexico
The Sea of Cortés
The Caribbean Sea

Geographic coordinates: 23 00 N, 102 00 W

Map references: North America

Area: total: 1,972,550 sq km land: 1,923,040 sq km water: 49,510 sq km

Area - comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries: total: 4,538 km border countries: Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km

Coastline: 9,330 km

Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: varies from tropical to desert

Terrain: high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m

Natural resources: petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

Land use: arable land: 12% permanent crops: 1% permanent pastures: 39% forests and woodland: 26% other: 22% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 61,000 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean coasts

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